1Clifford Johnson, interviewed by Laurie Dangerfield, October 2002, Documenting Justice DVD, produced by Molly Merryman and Kenneth J. Bindas, 2002. Hereafter DJ. These interviews were part of a community history project discussed in the text and involved the digital video interviewing of 14 people.
2Delores Capan, interviewed by James Atkins, April 2003, page 8. Community History Project, in author's possession. Hereafter referred to as CHP.
3The next semester Bindas taught a separate course that had students interview any resident of the city, which resulted in an overwhelming number of white respondents. Merryman directed two independent studies with students to add interviews with Geneva Owens and civil rights activist Staughton Lynd.
4Gwendolyn Etter-Lewis, “Black Women's Life Stories: Reclaiming Self in Narrative Texts,” in Sherna Berger Gluck and Daphne Patai, Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (New York: Routledge, 1991), 43-57; Joan Sangster, “Telling Our Stories: Feminist Debates and the Use of Oral History,” in The Oral History Reader, edited by Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson (New York: Routledge, 1988), 87-100; Ronald Grele, “Movement without Aim: Methodological and Theoretical Problems in Oral History,” in The Oral History Reader, (from his 1975 Envelopes of Sound), 38-52; Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: SUNY Press, 1990), 15-28; Paul Thompson, The Voice of the Past: Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, 2 nd edition), 1-223, 220-245, 309-323. There are many sources that discuss the importance of such a community based project, including A. Glenn Crothers, “Bringing History to Life: Oral History, Community Research, and Multiple Levels of Learning,” Journal of American History 88 (March 2002): 1446-1450; John Forrest and Elizabeth Jackson, "Get Real: Empowering the Student Through Oral History, "The Oral History Review, 18 (Spring 1990): 29-33; Michael H. Ebner, "Students as Oral Historians," The History Teacher, 9 (February 1976): 196-201; Roger D. Long, "The Personal Dimension in Doing Oral History,” The History Teacher, 24 (May 1991), 309-312; Joanna Bornat, “Oral History as a Social Movement: Reminiscence and Older People," in The Oral History Reader, Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds. (London: Routledge, 1998): 189-205. The questionnaire was divided into four sections; the first section focused on personal information like birth date and place, school attendance, date of first job, and other general biographical questions. The second section asked questions related to family and lifestyle, such as where they lived and shopped, their roles within the household concerning discipline, and their understanding of the community. The third section focused on getting a living and how they interacted within the community. The final section asked questions specific to race and the interconnection to national events during the time period.
5Stephen Grant Meyer, As Long As They Don't Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods (New York: Rowan & Littlefield, 2000); “A Review of the Problems and Activities of the Warren Urban League: as They Relate to the Needs of the Colored Population of Warren, Ohio,” by Warren M. Banner, Director of Research and Community Projects, National Urban League, April, 1948; “Swim Pool Season Ends,” Warren Tribune Chronicle, 8 September 1947, Section A, page 1; “Court Hears Swim Pool Protest Case,” Warren Tribune Chronicle, 24 September 1947, Section A, page 1, 6. For an interesting take on a similar situation, see James Patterson Smith, “Local Leadership. The Biloxi Beach Riot and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement on the Gulf Coast, 1959-1966,” in Sunbelt Revolution: The Historical Progression of the Civil Rights Struggle in the Gulf South, 1866-2000 , Samuel C, Hyde, Jr., ed. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003), 210-233.
6Meyer, As Long As They Don't Move Next Door, 6-10, 212-215; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 16 th Census of the US, 1940, Volume I, Population (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1942), 815; US Bureau of the Census, US Census Population: 1950, Volume II, Characteristics of the Population, Part 35, Ohio, (USGPO, 1952), 35-54; US Bureau of the Census, US Census Population, 1960. Detailed Characteristics. Ohio . Final report PC (1)- 37D (USGPO, 1962), 37-538, for employment comparisons, 37-614-867; “Segregation Decision,” Warren Tribune Chronicle, 19 May 1954, Section B, page 8; Wesley Shaffer interviewed by Nikki Shaffer, 22 March 2003, no page number, CHP; After the most recent census, an interesting article appeared in the local paper detailing the continued residential segregation amidst the increase in the African American population. Matt Walcoff and Raymond L. Smith, “Census shows a more diverse Warren,” Warren Tribune, 25 March 25 2001, Section A, pages 1, 2. See also Raymond L. Smith, “Census a mixed bag for Mahoning Valley,” Warren Tribune, 20 March 2001, Section A, pages 5, 11.
7Alice Surrena, interviewed by Sarah Surrena, 17 March 2003, page 9; Paul Starnes, interviewed by Danielle Wojnarski, 6 April 2003, page 12; Betty Sloan, interviewed by Joshua Sloan, 28 March 2003.
8Ruth Johnson, interviewed by Laurie Tonn, April 2003, page 8; Emma Buckner, interviewed by Trisha Buckner, April 2003; Mary Homlitas, interviewed by Scot Homlitas, March 2003, all CHP.
9Olive Reese, interviewed by Sherry Bacon-Graves, DJ ; Morris Hill, interviewed by Holly Davis, November 2002, DJ; Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, November 2002, DJ.
10JoAnn Turner, interviewed by Kristy Rider, May 2002, CHP; Bertha Barber, interviewed by Renee Pisan, October 2002, DJ; Muriel Robinson, interviewed by Paula Johnson, October 2002, DJ; James Johnson, interviewed by Michael Ciferno, October 2002, DJ ; Isnell Rumph, interviewed by Dino Haidaris, April 2002, CHP.
11Civil Service Documents, property of Warren Police Department.
12Geneva Owens, interviewed by Paula Johnson, February 2003, DJ .
13Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, October 2002, DJ.
14Geneva Owens, interviewed by Paula Johnson, February 2003, DJ.
15Ibid.
16Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, October 2002, DJ.
17Morris Hill, interviewed by Holly Davis, November 2002, DJ.
18Morris Hill, interviewed by Holly Davis, November 2002, DJ.
19Geneva Owens, interviewed by Paula Johnson, February 2003, DJ.
20Ibid.
21Ibid.
22Morris Hill, interviewed by Holly Davis, November 2002, DJ.
23Olive Reese, interviewed by Sherry Bacon-Graves, October 2002, DJ.
24Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, October 2002, DJ.
25Geneva Owens, interviewed by Paula Johnson, February 2003, DJ.
26Morris Hill, interviewed by Holly Davis, October 2002, DJ.
27Geneva Owens, interviewed by Paula Johnson, February 2003, DJ.
28Morris Hill, interviewed by Holly Davis, October 2002 DJ.
29Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, October 2002, DJ.
30Ibid.
31Clifford Johnson, interviewed by Laurie Dangerfield, October 2002, DJ.
32Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, October 2002, DJ.
33Muriel Robinson, interviewed by Paula Johnson, October 25, 2002, DJ.
34Luisa Passerini, “Work ideology and consensus under Italian fascism,” in The Oral History Reader, 53-62.
35Ronald Grele, Envelopes of Sound: The Art of Oral History (Chicago: Precedent, 1975), 127-154.
36Ibid.
37Norman Smith, interviewed by Cindy Martin, DJ; Frederick Harris, interviewed by Theresa Davis, October 2002, DJ; Muriel Robinson, interviewed by Paula Johnson, October 2002, DJ.
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