EXAM 3: CONCEPTS TO MASTER
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
updated 11/16/07
EXAM 3 ESSAY QUESTIONS: 12 pts
each.
Instructions: Answer
two (2) of the following questions.
Bring to exam. Make sure you
indicate which questions you have chosen to answer.
TYPE AND PRINT YOUR RESPONSE – 12 PT FONT, DOUBLE SPACED. INCLUDE YOUR NAME AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE.
YOU WILL LOSE POINTS IF YOU WRITE OUT YOUR ANSWER, AND YOU WILL LOSE ADDITIONAL POINTS IF I HAVE DIFFICULTY READING YOUR ANSWERS.
Tip: work out answers to the essay questions first before
moving on to the rest of the study guide. Your answers should integrate knowledge
gained from the text and from lecture.
Please use your own words. Using someone else's words without crediting them is plagiarism, which is academic misconduct. More to the point, copying from any source does not convince me that you understand the material, which is the point of any take home writing assignment. I will check the textbook when I grade.
Points will be deducted for (a) not answering the question asked or not fully answering the question (pay attention to words like *explain* in any essay question), (b) not using your own words, but copying or closely paraphrasing from any source including the textbook, and (c) grammar/spelling/handwritten answer/illegible handwriting.
1. The Wee Baby Educational Center has hired you as a consultant to help design and implement an early childhood education program. Describe three (3) educational principles derived from Piaget’s theory that were discussed in class (2 pt each) , and explain how they could be implemented in the classroom (2 pt each).
2. The Wee Baby Educational Center has hired you as a consultant to help design and implement an early childhood education program. Describe three (3) of the educational principles derived from Vygotsky’s theory that were discussed in class (2 pts each) and explain how they could be implemented in the classroom (2 pts each).
3. List at least two nutrients that young children tend to lack in their diets. (2 pts.) List and explain 5 things that caregivers can do (or should avoid doing) to encourage young children to eat nutritious foods. (2 pts. each) (don’t forget to explain!)
Phys development in Early Childhood (
|
Body Growth / Physical Development ·
Changes on body size ·
Changes in body proportions ·
Rate of Growth ·
Development of Fine & Gross Motor Skills ·
Changes in Artistic Expression |
Factors Affecting Growth and Health ·
Emotional well-being ·
Stress ·
Deprivation dwarfism (age 2-15 yrs) ·
Sleep Habits ·
GH is released while you sleep ·
changes amount of sleep needed ·
Bedtime routines ·
Nightmares (ages 3-6) ·
sleep disturbances ·
child maltreatment/neglect ·
failure to thrive ·
injuries/ injury control & harm reduction |
|
Brain Development ·
SYNAPTIC PRUNING §
what is it? §
why & when does it occur? ·
Lateralization §
what is it? §
why does it occur? ·
Two hemispheres of cortex develop at different rates ·
“Dominant” hemisphere ·
myelination ·
Prefrontal Cortex – Executive Function ·
Corpus Callosum ·
Impulsivity and perseveration ·
Educational Implications of Brain Development (book) |
Nutritional
Needs of Young Children §
What can adults do to encourage good eating habits? ·
appetite decreases ·
social & emotional climate at mealtimes ·
insufficient amounts of iron, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin A are
the most common diet ·
what kinds of food should only be eaten in limited
amounts? ·
What kinds of fat are associated with heart disease and blocked
arteries? What kinds of fat are *not* associated with these negative health
outcomes?:\ ·
deficiencies of preschool years ·
growth consequences of malnutrition ·
Effects of Television ·
What’s emphasized in new food guide pyramid? ·
Know how Mediterranean Food Pyramid is different from USDA pyramid ·
Insistence on Routine – implications for food preferences (book) |
|
For more information: BrainConnection.com -
Brain Research and Education: Fad or Foundation? - Page 1 |
For more information: http://www.oldwayspt.org/pyramids/med/p_med.html |
Early Intervention & Early Childhood Programming/
Education
Know:
child centered kindergarten
developmentally appropriate early childhood education
Know differences
in purposes of types of early-education programs
Difference in
emphasis on academic skills/readiness
Montessori &
Piaget’s impact on early childhood education (book) – “developmental” programs
“High risk” children
Which is better, an “academically-focused” early childhood
curriculum, or a “developmentally appropriate” curriculum? Which has better
outcomes? For more information: Moving
up the Grades: Relationship between Preschool Model and Later School Success
FOR
MORE INFORMATION ON QUALITY CHILD CARE:
(Looking for quality child
care? try Child Care
Connection)
Cognitive
Development in
Early Childhood (
|
Piaget Make-believe Play. b. animistic thinking (3) Irreversibility (4) Centration (5) Class Inclusion Problem – Hierarchical Classification Define: Conservation, Know Piaget’s Conservation Tasks FYI: Preschoolers
Seeking Novel Stimuli May Develop Higher IQ's |
Vygotsky §
"zone of proximal
development" §
the social origins of early childhood cognition §
intersubjectivity §
Scaffolding §
“internalized” social
interactions
§
Children as Apprentices §
Guided Participation §
Social Mediation §
Children's Private Speech vs. egocentric
speech o
Assisted Discovery o
Peer Collaboration o
Cooperative Learning |
|
Know characteristics of preoperational thought including limitations
and cognitive attainments of the preschool years. |
Compare/Contrast
Piaget & Vygotsky Criticisms
of Piaget's Preoperational Stage Criticisms of Vygotsky's theory |
|
Piaget
& Early Childhood Education Educational Principles
Piaget’s Theory: discovery
learning sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn Acceptance of individual
differences |
Information Processing Memory: Memory Web Link Sensory Short term (working) Long-term Source Memory Script recall vs. recognition memory strategies rehearsal organization Memory for everyday and
special experiences: How Number/Math skills
develop Theory of Mind – define, what advances it? Meta-cognition |
Language
Development in Early Childhood & Middle Childhood (
Language Development·
increases in vocabulary ·
double meanings/metaphors ·
metalinguistic awareness (lecture) ·
listening skills ·
fast mapping ·
syntactic
bootstrapping ·
semantic bootstrapping ·
overregularization ·
Advantages of
learning 2 languages (book) |
Language
Development (lecture) ·
conversational strategies |
|
Five Aspects of Language (lecture/text): o
pragmatics o
vocabulary o
grammar o
semantics o phonetics |
Encouraging Language Development (lecture): o Play – know how play affects each aspect of language o
Play with
Caregivers §
how do verbal
turn-taking games help children to develop language? o
Play with
Words §
experimentation with
nonsense syllables §
play with word
substitution §
build up and break
down sentences o Play with Peers § sociodramatic play & lang benefits |
Social Development Ch 10
|
Social Achievements in Early Childhood ·
social development is
a 2-sided process ·
socialization
(definition) · personality formation (definition) ·
self-concept ·
self-esteem ·
phobia ·
prosocial/antisocial behaviors ·
empathy ·
aggression (def & types) ·
learning social skills through
play ·
sociodramatic play · advantages of turning off the tv |
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory ·
personality formation
and socialization develop simultaneously ·
produces CONFLICT in
children · children must resolve conflict adequately to move on to subsequent stages Erikson ·
Initiative
vs. Guilt (stage 3) ·
Industry vs.
inferiority- def (stage 4) middle childhood ·
conflict between
individual and society (text) ·
initiative
(definition) identification (definition) |
|
Peer Relations · become increasingly important · play becomes more social · social skills develop through peer interactions · social competence & peer relations · providing opportunities for fantasy play |
Gender Differences: Gender identity Bem Sex Role Scale: Femininity, Masculinity, Androgyny development of gender awareness gender differences in physical development, school
performance, activity levels, aggression, emotional intelligence, play gender stereotyping (def) how to reduce gender stereotyping gender constancy gender schema theory gender socialization/sources boys, masculinity, and risk |
Baumrind’s 4 types of parenting styles(discussed in class; in the book, review pp.
301-302) know definitions and be able to recognize examples
Discipline
– spanking and its impact on aggression “Time-out” Other
options: Redirection Developmentally appropriate explanations “The parent who controls the resources is
more effective than the parent who administers the punishments.” FYI:
http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/parenting_tips/discipline/effective_discipline.html |
Dimensions of parenting:
child is active in building relationship with
parent; understanding parenting
practices & their effects requires understanding of the child’s
behaviors as well as the parents’. FYI: Children
Likely To Be Better Adjusted In Joint vs Sole
Custody Arrangements |