Notes for Adolescents and their
Friends
School of Family and Consumer Sciences
400.404/504 Instructor: D. Witt
The Peer Group
"Normal competent social development in adolescence depends on good
peer relationships."
Peers are: Near in age, Near in behavior, Near in interaction.
Peer Group Functions -A group of peers provides the adolescent with:
- a source of information and social comparison (Reference Group)
- opportunities for demonstrating competence and rehearsing roles (trying
out behaviors). (Significant Interaction Pool)
- models for, and reinforcement of behavior.
The Peer Group is a Hierarchical structure, consisting of a pecking order (Role and Status):
1. consists of positions of status which are filled from the top and bottom to the middle.
2. has a normative structure (Norms develop in all groups)
3. promote frustration and competition, which foster hostility betwen groups.
4. This can be reduced by superordinate common goals
According to some studies, children interact with their peers 10% of the day around the age of 2 years.
20% of the day around the age of 4 years.
40% of the day between ages 7 to 11 years.
In a typical weekend, adolescents spend twice as much time with peers
than their parents. Generally, peers engage in Team Sports/Play,
Going Places, Socializing
Peers are necessary for development? Positive peer interactions have
been found to reduce psychosocial outcomes (depression, self-esteem,
stress) and behavioral outcomes (delinquency, alcohol, academic
performance/school dropouts). Peer support/influence is also linked to
adolescent’s ability to cope with stressful life events.
According to J. Piaget and Harry
Sullivan, the learning experience from peers are essential towards
forming perspectives on the difference between right and wrong, healthy
and long-term intimate relationships, Not all peer interactions are
healthy - When children are casted out of peer related social groups,
they generally suffer across multiple levels.
Group formation can occur over Music, Politics, Religion, Ethnicity,
or Sexual Preference.
Members of a CROWD interact because of common interests in activities
- such as people in the audience at a rock concert. Group interest is narrow
and short lived.
CLIQUES are formed on the basis of wider similarity of interests and
social ideals. Selection of a clique often involes conflict, and alligience
to a gorup that may overshaow personal identity and membersip in formal
organizations. Cliques are smaller and more intimate, and have higher cohesion.
Peer Popularity, Rejection, & Neglect Concepts of perspectivism
- empathy, and role taking here. Popularity with peers is related (according to teens themselves): to:
-
being oneself
-
being happy
-
conforming to peer group norms
-
being friendly being enthusiastic
-
indicating concern for others as well as for oneself (not conceited or
stuck up).
- Those who are physically attractive, and intelligent, are also more
popular with peers. It has been demonstrated that peers make good tutors and models, although
peers are not used systematicall y or extensively.
- The Rejected and the Neglected - unsuccessful kids. avoided and unnoticed
3 C. Peer Conformity
- Peer pressure = agreeing with expressed opinions of the group, expecially
in terms of dress code, habits of expression, and some behaviors.
- Adolescents are much more likely to follow peer standards than children
or adults.
- This pressure reaches it's peak around 14 years of age and then is replaced
by conformity to friends (relationship pressure).
- Junior high students - less personal freedom than almost any other gorup
besides convicts. Personal expression is dominated by the peer group.
CONFORMITY (to something - some idea - some group):
-
The Conformist understand and obeys expectations
-
The Nonconformist understands expectations and refuses to change
personal behaviors. Truly independent.
-
The Anticonformist behaves counter to expectations. Equally as ruled
by peers.
Another way to look at the conformity issue: Merton's Anomie Theory
of Deviance which suggests that society expects everyone to be ambitious
and hold the same life goals (success, wealth, possessions.). Society also
provides "legitimate" means for the realization of goals to some folks.
Conformists are the most common, followed by Ritualists, and Innovators.
Retreatists are next to last - with Rebels last.
Coordinated Worlds of Parents and Peers - Increased
allegence to the peer gorup marks only superficial value differences
with parents. It is the expression of values and not their basic
content
that provides grounds for conflict. Children who have positive
relationship with thei parents tend to also have positive relationships
with their peers.
Differences between parents and adolescents are a matter of degree
of agreement with value, not direction of the value itself.
TheGeneration Gap - really a generalization gap, because there is a lot
of overap in values between parents and teens.
-
In areas where parents lack expressed conviction kids turn to peers for
information about what to think
-
Need to conform to peer group value structure varies individually.
-
Quality of family relationships, type of family, tec. are factors.
Neglected Children. Children who are infrequently nominated as
a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.Professionals have
noted that the best way to help them develop is to teach them how to be
noticed by their peers.
Rejected Children. Children who are infrequently nominated as
a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.Rejected
children tend to have more serious problems later in life; more often
than neglected (school dropout, delinquency, aggression).10 to 20% of
these adolescents tend to be shy and withdrawn.
Professionals have noted that the best way to help these children is to
develop their listening skills and sensitivity to what others are
saying about them.
Controversial Children. Children who are frequently nominated
both as a best friend and as being disliked.Girls in this group were
found to have a increased risk of becoming teen mothers than girls in
other groups.Aggressive girls were also found to be more likely be teen
mothers than non aggressive girls.
Social Cognition
Some studies seem to suggest that there is a correlation between peer
relations and social cognitive skills, much like the association
between social intelligende and successfull relationships in the adult
world.
Socially intelligent adolescents are:
- Children who demonstrated the ability to effectively problem-solve tasks
- Children who were assertive and mature in interacting and problem-solving with peers
- Children who focused less on aggression as a problem-solving method.
Cognitive/Emotional Regulation - According to Kenneth Dodge, children
go through five steps in processing information about their social
world:
- Decoding the social cues
- Interpretation
- Response search
- Selecting an optimal response
- Enactment
Emotional Regulation - Children who can control their emotions and
reduce outbursts generally tend to be more accepted by their peers.
Conglomerate Strategies for Improving Social Skills - The use of a
combination of techniques rather than a single approach to improve
adolescents social skills; coaching children.
Appropriate Strategies:
- Initiate interaction
- Be nice
- Prosocial behavior
- Respect for self and others
- Provide social support
Inappropriate strategies:
- Psychological aggression
- Negative self presentation
- Antisocial behavior
- Bullying
is a frequent occurrence in our schools and
communities. One study noted the occurrence in 30% of the sampled
population.Bullied children tend to be more likely to come from
authoritarian homes. They were found to come from families where
parents were over controlling, over emotionally attached.
Friendships
According toHarry Stack Sullivan, there is a significant increase
in the need for
friends during the period of adolescence. Friends are essential
for
emotional well-being. Without playful companionship, children may
become bored and depressed. Without the need for social acceptance,
children will experience low self-worth
Importance of Friendship - friendships are particularly important
in adolescence, and intimate friendships first emerge at this time.
- Companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison,
intimacy/affection. B. Intimacy and Similarity in Friendships
- Girls have more intimate firendships than boys, and rate them more highly.
Friends are usually similar in terms of age, sex, race, and attitudes,
aspirations, and interests.
- During early adolescnce friendships are not as highly rated as during
later adolescence. 5 Criteria for a friend - similarity of social characteristics,
age school grade, sex, SES, ethicity.
- Best friends tend to be more similar than acquaintances in intelligence,
educational aspirations, sociability, etc.
Social intelligence develops in early adolescence so that teens
can understand what it takes to get along, make friends and be
included. Social information processing requires decoding of social
cues, interpretation
of cues and hints, response searches, selection of appropriate
responses.
Looking at friendships according to the diminstions of intimacy and perception
of friendship,where:
Intimacy =
closeness, ease of communication, attachment and affection
and
Friendship = voluntary involvement in mutual activities with one other
person.
College girls were likely to have more integrated and intimate friends.
High school boys had more friendly or uninvolved relations. Integrated
relationships were likely to occur for male/female pairs in later adolescence.
Dating and the Precursor to Love and Romance
The Functions of Dating
- Dating can be a form of recreation
-
Dating is a source of status and achievement
-
Dating is part of the socialization process in adolescence
-
Dating involves learning about intimacy and meaning relationships
-
Dating can be a context for sexual experimentation and exploration
-
Dating can provide companionship
-
Dating experiences contribute to identity formation and development
-
Dating can be a means of mate sorting and selection
Incidence and Age trends
-
Most adolescents begin dating at 12-16 years.
-
Girls are more likely than males to discolse themselves and to engage
in personality exploration with a date.
-
Adolescents claim to choose dates for personality factors but the main
factor is physical attraction and chances for sex (boys)
-
The number one reason for liking someone is that they like you too. (Ken
- Barbie told me she thinks you are hot!) MUTUAL ADMIRATI ON - Consensual
Validation.
- Going Steady - Going steady means a commitment not to date others (a
mini- marriage).
- Male and Female Patterns - Males show a higher sexual interest -
females show a higher interest in love and romance.
- What Attracts Adolescents to Each Other - Consensual Validation
- similarity of interests - ses - etc. - Same level of attractiveness or
trade offs, mutual liking.
- Most adolescents start dating around the age of 14 in the US, range 12-16.
- Among Asians and Latinos, families are generally more conservative about adolescent dating
- In US culture, parental restrictions generally result in sneak dating.
Dating Rituals - What do parents teach us about dating?
What do peers teach us about dating?
Boys are generally taught to initiate.
Girls are generally taught to be reactive. Value the importance of courtship and innocence.
Is it dead or alive?
Love and Romance Among Adolescents
Keeping in mind the importance of the audience of peers (real or
imagined), adolescents are drawn to early romantic relationships for
purposes of role rehearsal, measures of confirmation of personal
attractiveness, and the mastery of romantic competencies. This is
especially true for girls, but is true in general for all
adolescents. It is only after some level of mastery is felt by
the individual that he or she moves on to goals of realizing
interpersonal intimacy and attachment, and the fulfillment of sexual
desire. The duration of romantic relationships in early adolescence is
telling of the depth of emotion attached to the exercise. Such
relationships tend to last a matter of weeks or months, often ending at
convenient times of the school year.
There are types of love that have been theorized and researched about.
Limerence, or love-sickness, is characterized by intrusive thinking of
the other, loss of appetite, day dreaming, and unrealistic fantasies
about the possibilities of the couple. This is the type of love that
sometimes accompanies pop or basketball star fandom. The
feelings are often intense but are quickly extinguished, especially if
the love-sick one has friends to keep them grounded.
Affectionate love, also called companionate love, occurs when an
individual wants to have another person near and has a deep, caring
affection for that person - only a little stronger emotion than a very
deep and abiding friendship, and is often associated with adult
relationships.
Romantic love, also called passionate love or
Eros, has strong sexual and infatuation components, and it
often predominates in the early part of a love relationship - in both other adolescents and young adults.
One of the problems in our culture regarding love is that the concept
itself has been confused with happiness, fulfillment of material wants,
and personal worth. Love and sexuality, or the promise of attaining
them, is associate by advertisers, politicians, and the fashion
industry to sell products. First, create a feeling of unworthiness,
develop an intense desire to change, and offer an easy solution.
Immature individuals have been falling victim to these techniques for
decades because they work.
What to popular music groups sing about most often? Here's a recent list of the top ten songs played on the radio: Chris Brown Forever, Katy Perry I Kissed A Girl, Rihanna Disturbia, Jesse McCartney Leavin', Kardinal Offishall Featuring Akon Dangerous, Ne-Yo Closer, The Pussycat Dolls When I Grow Up, Estelle Featuring Kanye West American Boy, Jordin Sparks One Step At A Time , Coldplay Viva la Vida. Lots
of love, looking for love, getting away from love, growing up so love
can be found, perfect men, love that last forever and I don't have any
ideawhat Disurbia is.
There is a strong interaction between media outlets to motivate the
sale of popular product - you see product placement all over television
and movies, popular songs appear in commericals, pop star
breakfast cereal, movie stars selling "intelligent water" - all this
confuses teenagers who are hard a work trying to make sense of a world
that resists definition. It is unfair.
Some studies have statistically linked dating, being popular and
well-adjusted state of mind. I suspect that some of these findings are
attributable less to actual interpersonal well-being, and more to
issues of normality, conformity, and the degree to which an individual
feels close to a media-created ideal. A well-adjusted teenager who is
madly in love may fail in school, where a less than well-adjusted
teenager may do better in school without the pressures and time
commitments of a love relationship.
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