Notes for Adolescents and their Friends
School of Family and Consumer Sciences 400.404/504    Instructor: D. Witt

The Peer Group

"Normal competent social development in adolescence depends on good peer relationships."
Peers are: Near in age, Near in behavior, Near in interaction.

Peer Group Functions -A group of peers provides the adolescent with:

The Peer Group is a Hierarchical structure, consisting of a pecking order (Role and Status):

   1. consists of positions of status which are filled from the top and bottom to the middle.
   2. has a normative structure (Norms develop in all groups)
   3. promote frustration and competition, which foster hostility betwen groups.
   4. This can be reduced by superordinate common goals

According to some studies, children interact with their peers 10% of the day around the age of 2 years.
                                                                                            20% of the day around the age of 4 years.
                                                                                            40% of the day between ages 7 to 11 years.

In a typical weekend, adolescents spend twice as much time with peers than their parents.  Generally, peers engage in Team Sports/Play, Going Places, Socializing
Peers are necessary for development? Positive peer interactions have been found to reduce psychosocial outcomes (depression, self-esteem, stress) and behavioral outcomes (delinquency, alcohol, academic performance/school dropouts). Peer support/influence is also linked to adolescent’s ability to cope with stressful life events.

According to J. Piaget and Harry Sullivan, the learning experience from peers are essential towards forming perspectives on the difference between right and wrong, healthy and long-term intimate relationships, Not all peer interactions are healthy - When children are casted out of peer related social groups, they generally suffer across multiple levels.
Group formation can occur over Music, Politics, Religion, Ethnicity, or Sexual Preference.

Members of a CROWD interact because of common interests in activities - such as people in the audience at a rock concert. Group interest is narrow and short lived.
CLIQUES are formed on the basis of wider similarity of interests and social ideals. Selection of a clique often involes conflict, and alligience to a gorup that may overshaow personal identity and membersip in formal organizations. Cliques are smaller and more intimate, and have higher cohesion.

Peer Popularity, Rejection, & Neglect Concepts of perspectivism - empathy, and role taking here. Popularity with peers is related (according to teens themselves): to:

CONFORMITY (to something - some idea - some group):
Another way to look at the conformity issue: Merton's Anomie Theory of Deviance which suggests that society expects everyone to be ambitious and hold the same life goals (success, wealth, possessions.). Society also provides "legitimate" means for the realization of goals to some folks.

Conformists are the most common, followed by Ritualists, and Innovators. Retreatists are next to last - with Rebels last.

Coordinated Worlds of Parents and Peers - Increased allegence to the peer gorup marks only superficial value differences with parents. It is the expression of values and not their basic content that provides grounds for conflict.  Children who have positive relationship with thei parents tend to also have positive relationships with their peers.

Differences between parents and adolescents are a matter of degree of agreement with value, not direction of the value itself.  TheGeneration Gap - really a generalization gap, because there is a lot of overap in values between parents and teens.

Neglected Children.  Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.Professionals have noted that the best way to help them develop is to teach them how to be noticed by their peers.

Rejected Children.  Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.Rejected children tend to have more serious problems later in life; more often than neglected (school dropout, delinquency, aggression).10 to 20% of these adolescents tend to be shy and withdrawn.
Professionals have noted that the best way to help these children is to develop their listening skills and sensitivity to what others are saying about them.

Controversial Children.  Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked.Girls in this group were found to have a increased risk of becoming teen mothers than girls in other groups.Aggressive girls were also found to be more likely be teen mothers than non aggressive girls.

Social Cognition
Some studies seem to suggest that there is a correlation between peer relations and social cognitive skills, much like the association between social intelligende and successfull relationships in the adult world.
Socially intelligent adolescents are:


Cognitive/Emotional Regulation - According to Kenneth Dodge, children go through five steps in processing information about their social world: 

  1. Decoding the social cues
  2. Interpretation
  3. Response search
  4. Selecting an optimal response
  5. Enactment

Emotional Regulation - Children who can control their emotions and reduce outbursts generally tend to be more accepted by their peers.

Conglomerate Strategies for Improving Social Skills - The use of a combination of techniques rather than a single approach to improve adolescents social skills; coaching children. 

Appropriate Strategies:

Inappropriate strategies:

Friendships
According toHarry Stack Sullivan, there is a significant increase in the need for friends during the period of adolescence.  Friends are essential for emotional well-being. Without playful companionship, children may become bored and depressed. Without the need for social acceptance, children will experience low self-worth

Importance of Friendship
- friendships are particularly important in adolescence, and intimate friendships first emerge at this time.

Social intelligence develops in early adolescence so that teens can understand what it takes to get along, make friends and be included. Social information processing requires decoding of social cues, interpretation of cues and hints, response searches, selection of appropriate responses. Looking at friendships according to the diminstions of intimacy and perception of friendship,where:
            Intimacy = closeness, ease of communication, attachment and affection   and
            Friendship = voluntary involvement in mutual activities with one other person.

College girls were likely to have more integrated and intimate friends. High school boys had more friendly or uninvolved relations. Integrated relationships were likely to occur for male/female pairs in later adolescence.

Dating and the Precursor to Love and Romance
The Functions of Dating

      Incidence and Age trends

      Dating Rituals - What do parents teach us about dating?
      What do peers teach us about dating?

      Boys are generally taught to initiate.
      Girls are generally taught to be reactive.  Value the importance of courtship and innocence. 
      Is it dead or alive?

    Love and Romance Among Adolescents
    Keeping in mind the importance of the audience of peers (real or imagined), adolescents are drawn to early romantic relationships for purposes of role rehearsal, measures of confirmation of personal attractiveness, and the mastery of romantic competencies.  This is especially true for girls, but is true in general for all adolescents.  It is only after some level of mastery is felt by the individual that he or she moves on to goals of realizing interpersonal intimacy and attachment, and the fulfillment of sexual desire. The duration of romantic relationships in early adolescence is telling of the depth of emotion attached to the exercise. Such relationships tend to last a matter of weeks or months, often ending at convenient times of the school year.

    There are types of love that have been theorized and researched about. Limerence, or love-sickness, is characterized by intrusive thinking of the other, loss of appetite, day dreaming, and unrealistic fantasies about the possibilities of the couple. This is the type of love that sometimes accompanies pop or basketball star fandom.   The feelings are often intense but are quickly extinguished, especially if the love-sick one has friends to keep them grounded. 

    Affectionate love, also called companionate love, occurs when an individual wants to have another person near and has a deep, caring affection for that person - only a little stronger emotion than a very deep and abiding friendship, and is often associated with adult relationships.

    Romantic love, also called passionate love or Eros, has strong sexual and infatuation components, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship - in both other adolescents and young adults.

    One of the problems in our culture regarding love is that the concept itself has been confused with happiness, fulfillment of material wants, and personal worth. Love and sexuality, or the promise of attaining them, is associate by advertisers, politicians, and the fashion industry to sell products. First, create a feeling of unworthiness, develop an intense desire to change, and offer an easy solution.  Immature individuals have been falling victim to these techniques for decades because they work. 

    What to popular music groups sing about most often? Here's a recent list of the top ten songs played on the radio: Chris Brown Forever, Katy Perry  I Kissed A Girl, Rihanna  Disturbia, Jesse McCartney  Leavin', Kardinal Offishall Featuring Akon  Dangerous, Ne-Yo  Closer, The Pussycat Dolls  When I Grow Up, Estelle Featuring Kanye West  American Boy, Jordin Sparks  One Step At A Time , Coldplay Viva la Vida. Lots of love, looking for love, getting away from love, growing up so love can be found, perfect men, love that last forever and I don't have any ideawhat Disurbia is.

    There is a strong interaction between media outlets to motivate the sale of popular product - you see product placement all over television and movies, popular songs appear in commericals,  pop star breakfast cereal, movie stars selling "intelligent water" - all this confuses teenagers who are hard a work trying to make sense of a world that resists definition. It is unfair.

    Some studies have statistically linked dating, being popular and well-adjusted state of mind. I suspect that some of these findings are attributable less to actual interpersonal well-being, and more to issues of normality, conformity, and the degree to which an individual feels close to a media-created ideal. A well-adjusted teenager who is madly in love may fail in school, where a less than well-adjusted teenager may do better in school without the pressures and time commitments of a love relationship. 
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